Cat's DNA Ancestry

Cat's DNA Ancestry

Who is Cat . The Hood . Vision Board

Tap on My True Ancestry and load your DNA results into this archaeological database and take a look at who your DNA matches up to in history. It gives you a couple of free tid bits, but then you have to pay to see all the records, but there is enough there to see if it's something you would like to pay more to see. It was a lot of fun and a lot of it matches up with my own research of my bloodline, plus there were a few more interesting things I never knew, it's been a fun exploration into the terrible timeline of tragedies and triumphs. My personal family lineage traces back to me being descendant Dóttir of Rollo. Take a look at what my DNA picked up, the lower the number, the closer the match to each archaeological subject...

Cat Haliwell . DNA Matches
Your DNA matches these ancient populations based on real archaeological samples from over 162 Ancient Civilizations...

OVERALL MODERN
1. Norwegian (8.904)
2. Swedish (9.301)
3. Welsh (10.04)
4. North Swedish (10.12)
5. German Central (10.28)
6. West German (10.57)
7. West Norwegian (10.78)
8. Flemish (11.57)

OVERALL ANCIENT
West Scythian + Hungarian Conqueror (7.632)
Viking Norwegian + Goth (7.969)
Ostrogoth + Hungarian Conqueror (8.069)
Longobard + Visigoth (8.101)
Longobard + Goth (8.174)a
Anglo Saxon + Goth (8.336)
Longobard + Frank (8.556)
Viking Norwegian + Hungarian Conqueror (8.572)
Goth + Hungarian Conqueror (8.855)
Anglo Saxon + Hungarian Conqueror (8.88)
Viking Norwegian + Visigoth (8.883)
Viking Norwegian + Frank (9.205)
Longobard + Anglo Saxon (9.324)
Frank + Anglo Saxon (9.374)
Visigoth + Anglo Saxon (9.451)
Viking Norwegian + Scythian (9.67)
Longobard + Hungarian Conqueror (9.691)
Anglo Saxon + Scythian (9.779)
Longobard + Scythian (9.793)
Vandal + Hungarian Conqueror (9.868)
Viking Norwegian + Longobard (10.03)
Scythian + Hungarian Conqueror (10.09)
Viking Norwegian + Ostrogoth (10.13)
Frank + Hungarian Conqueror (10.19)
Anglo Saxon + Gepid (10.21)
Visigoth + Hungarian Conqueror (10.33)
Longobard + Ostrogoth (10.35)
Sarmatian + Vandal (10.41)
Viking Norwegian + Anglo Saxon (10.42)
Visigoth + Goth (10.42)
Viking Norwegian + Gepid (10.44)
Viking Norwegian (10.46)
Viking Norwegian + Western Scythian (10.58)
Frank + Goth (10.6)
Anglo Saxon + Ostrogoth (10.61)
Anglo Saxon + Sarmatian (10.65)
Anglo Saxon + Western Scythian (10.68)
Scythian + Vandal (10.69)
Vandal + Goth (10.71)
Sarmatian + Ostrogoth (10.81)
Longobard + Western Scythian (10.83)
Pannonian + Hungarian Conqueror (10.85)
Anglo Saxon + Pannonian (10.86)
Gepid + Hungarian Conqueror (10.89)
Longobard (10.9)
Longobard + Gepid (10.95)
Visigoth + Vandal (11.04)
Longobard + Vandal (11.19)
Visigoth + Scythian (11.25)
Anglo Saxon + Scordisci (11.25)
Longobard + Scordisci (11.26)
Viking Norwegian + Pannonian (11.27)
Frank + Visigoth (11.27)
Longobard + Pannonian (11.31)
Frank (11.34)
Viking Norwegian + Scordisci (11.41)
Visigoth + Ostrogoth (11.44)
Visigoth (11.45)
Viking Norwegian + Sarmatian (11.47)
Longobard + Sarmatian (11.63)
Frank + Sarmatian (11.77)
Frank + Scythian (11.78)
Anglo Saxon (11.86)
Frank + Vandal (11.86)
Frank + Ostrogoth (11.9)

Based on your matching ancient sampled, we have cross referenced the mtDNA and Y-DNA with ancient noble families and their ancestral seats. These get updated regularly when new archaeological DNA is submitted, so it's important to keep rechecking the data to see what new evidence has been found. 0-19 = definitely your ancient ancestry. 20-29 = part of your ancestral link. 30+ = possibly related to your ancestry. A haplogroup is a group of people who share a common ancestor and certain genetic markers. Haplogroups are used to study human evolution and migration, and to trace ancestry. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Inherited from the mother, mtDNA is used to identify maternal haplogroups. Y-Chromosome: Passed from father to son, the Y chromosome is used to identify paternal haplogroups.

EuroGenes

Listed in order of closest in DNA Match to Cat Haliwell to furthest

Norwegian Vikings

Norwegian Vikings were pioneering boat builders and adventurous sailors who signalled the start of the Viking Age in 793 AD by raiding the Catholic abbey of Lindisfarne in England. This was followed by raids in Northumbria, southern Wales and Ireland. Norwegian Vikings traveled to the Shetlands, the Orkneys, the Faroe Islands and Hebrides where they established settlements. Floki Vilgerdarson was the first Norseman to sail to Iceland in order to settle it. He sailed from Western Norway to the Shetland Islands where his daughter drowned. He then continued to the Faroe Islands where another daughter was wed and then took three ravens with him to find his way to Iceland which he named after seeing only snow and a great fjord full of ice. Erik the Red established settlements in Greenland and Leif Erikson, son of Erik the Red, discovered Vinland (present-day Newfoundland, Canada). King Harald Finehair is credited for unifying Norway from petty kingdoms into a single united kingdom which was the predecessor to the modern Kingdom of Norway.

Western Scythian

The Western Scythians, a nomadic group flourishing around 300 BC, were renowned for their exceptional equestrian skills, roaming the vast steppes of the Great Hungarian Plain with unparalleled agility and grace. These fierce warriors, adorned in vibrant and intricate clothing, were feared and respected for their mastery in archery, their arrows often deciding the fates of battles. The women of the Western Scythians stood out as embodiments of strength and independence, many skilled in horseback riding and combat, challenging the gender norms of the ancient world. Their society was rich in artistic expression, evidenced by their ornate gold jewelry and elaborate animal-style art, which reflected their deep connection with the natural world and spiritual beliefs. Living in a harsh, unforgiving landscape, the Western Scythians developed a resilient culture, leaving a legacy of formidable warriors and skilled artisans that continue to fascinate historians and enthusiasts alike.

Proto-Hungarians Magyar

The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin was a series of events resulting in the settlement of the Hungarians at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. Before the arrival of the Hungarian Conquerors (or Proto-Hungarians), three medieval powers were fighting for control of the Carpathian Basin - the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia and Moravia. Occasionally they would hire Proto-Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. These people who lived on the Pontic Steppes became familiar with their future homeland as a result. After they were attacked by the Bulgarians and Pechengs in 894, the Proto-Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains and took over the lowlands east of the Danube, and then went into Pannonia. Then by defeating a Bavarian army in 907, they launched a series of plundering raids. Gradually they began settling in the Basin and established a monarchy, the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 AD and ruled over the existing peoples of the region at this time including Slavs, Greeks, Germans, Moravians and Vlachs.

OstroGoths

Originating from Scandinavia, the Goths of Eastern Europe were shattered when Attila and the Huns blasted onto the scene. The Gothic kingdom was split - those who crossed the Danube to enter the Roman Empire became the Visigoths. The Ostrogoths who remained in Dacia to face the Huns became their vassals. They migrated into the Roman province of Pannonia (modern day Hungary, Austria and Croatia) and fought with their Hunnic overlords against the Romans, Visigoths and their allies. When the Hunnic empire was defeated, the newly independent Ostrogoths remained in Pannonia. When the western Roman empire collapsed to the warlord Odoacer, the Byzantines looked to the Ostrogoth King Theodoric to reclaim Italy in 488 AD. After liberating Italy, the Byzantines treated Theodoric as an equal. Under Theodoric's rule, Italy flourished and Roman laws and customs continued under Ostrogothic rule, becoming the strongest in western Europe. In 535 AD after Theodoric's death, the Gothic war with Byzantium began and Emperor Justinian won ending the Ostrogothic kingdom.

The Visgoths

The Visigoths emerged from earlier Germanic Gothic groups (possibly the Thervingi) who had invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and sacked Rome in 410. After the Visigoths sacked Rome, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD. In or around 589, the Visigoths under Reccared I converted from Arianism to Nicene Christianity, gradually adopting the culture of their Hispano-Roman subjects. Their legal code, the Visigothic Code (completed in 654) abolished the longstanding practice of applying different laws for Romans and Visigoths. Once legal distinctions were no longer being made between Romani and Gothi, they became known collectively as Hispani.

The Longobards

The Longobards (Winnili) were a pre-Viking era Scandinavian tribe who migrated south towards Germania. Upon reaching Germania, the Winnili ran into conflict with the powerful Germanic Vandals. Both sides appealed to their chief god Odin for victory. To achieve victory against the more numerous Vandals, the godess Freia told the Winnili women to tie their hair to look like beards. Odin saw them standing in the field and asked who are these long beard warriors? After their victory the Winnili were called the Longbeards which in time renamed to Longobards/Lombards. Not finding adequate food resources, they ventured into Pannonia in modern day Hungary. There the Longobards allied with the Avars to defeat the Gepids, but all the spoils went to the Avars. As a result, the Longobards under King Alboin left the region and relocated into northern Italy where the land was ripe and by then the Longobards had a fierce reputation. The Byzantine Empire had spent vast amounts of money defeating the Ostrogoths and now had the Longobards to deal with. Eventually the Longobard Kingdom of Italy was split between two rulers, one at Milan and the other at Pavia. Weakened by internal fighting, Charlemagne of the Franks seized the lands of the Longobards and absorbed it into the kingdom of the Franks. However, some territories survived under Lombard dukes.

The Franks

Francia, also known as the Kingdom of the Franks was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe. It is the predecessor of the modern states of France and Germany. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the Migration Period era before its partition in 843. The core Frankish territories inside the former Western Roman Empire were close to the Rhine and Maas rivers in the north. After a period where small kingdoms inter-acted with the remaining Gallo-Roman institutions to their south, a single kingdom uniting them was founded by Clovis I who was crowned King of the Franks in 496. The geography of the Frankish realm varied over time, but a basic split between eastern and western domains persisted. The eastern kingdom Austrasia centered on the Rhine and Meuese and expanded eastwards into central Europe. The western kingdom Neustria was founded in Northern Roman Gaul. In Germany there are prominent places nameed after the Franks such as the region of Franconia (Frankfurt) and Frankenstein Castle.

The Saxons & Anglo Saxons

In the darkest days of the Roman Empire, a barbarian horde rose with villages stretching across the North Sea terrorizing both sides of the English Channel. The Saxons were warrior kings who lived for glory and gold. It is said in the 5th century, the British Warlord Vortigern sought help to fight the Picts and the Scots. The Saxon mercenaries led by Hengest and Horsa arrived on the scene. When they were not paid they began to invade the entire island, especially with flooding and coastal changes washing away their homeland forcing mass migrations. The southern coast kingdoms of Essex, Wessex and Sussex were settled by the Saxons. The Angles settled the eastern coast and the midlands including the kingdoms of Anglia and Mercia. The Jutes settled Kent and the Isle of Wight. All these germanic tribes were pagans worshipping Tiw, Woden and Thunor very much like their Viking neighbors with Tyr Odin and Thor. Ultimately, King Aethelbert of Kent converted to Christianity and became the Overlord of Britain. Raedwald of Anglia later took over and continued to spread Christianity around Britain which helped unite the Britons with the Anglo-Saxon invaders.

The Goths

The Goths were a Germanic tribe whose origins stemmed from the island of Scandza in Scandinavia. Over the years they slowly migrated southwards eventually to the Black Sea and into the Roman Empire. They had a written language with Runic inscriptions. It is said they worshipped the god of war and would hang human arms from trees and perform human sacrifices of prisoners. In 395 AD, the Gothic leader Alaric rose to power and had a plan to seize good farmland and monetary rewards from Romans. He became an outlaw of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires and eventually there was a massacre of Gothic settlers near Constantinople in 400 AD. Sensing weakness with the Western half, Alaric found supporters with other outlaws of Rome - as well as runaway slaves. He camped an army outside Rome and sacked the city in August 410 AD. In the 5th century the Gothic tribes had split clearly into two Kingdoms built on the ruins of the former Western Roman Empire. The Visigoths ruled in Iberia and the Ostrogoths ruled over Italy.

The Chauci

The Germanic Chauci were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Rivers Elbe and Ems. The Chauci inhabited the Continental European coast from Zuyder Zee to south Jutland along with the nearby Frisians, Saxons and Angles. However the Chauci in particular made peace with the Romans and in fact provided Roman auxiliaries to serve all over the Limes border between the Roman Empire and Germania. Tacitus describes the Chauci homeland as immense, densely populated and well-stocked with horses. He describes them as the noblest of the Germans, preferring justice to violence - neither aggressive nor predatory, but ready for war if the need arose. Pliny the Elder visited the Chauci coastal region and said they lived on a barren coast in small cotttages and huts on hilltops. They fished for food, had no cattle and drank rainwater. He says they had a spirit of independence and resent for anyone who attempted to conquer them.

The Alemanni

The Alemanni (literally translates to "all men"), also known as the Suebi, were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the Upper Rhine River. The Roman historian Cassius Dio first describes the Alemanni during Emperor Caracalla's campaign and portrays them as victims of the treacherous Roman emperor. Using a pretext of peace the Romans colonized the land and executed warriors. As a result, the Alemanni enaged in conflicts with Rome and launched a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy. In 366, they crossed the frozen Rhine in large numbers to invade Gallic provinces but were thwarted by Emperor Valentinian. A followup invasion of 406 led to the Alemanni conquering and settling large parts of Alsace and Switzerland. By the time the Alemanni fought alongside the Huns in 451 AD, the Franks had become powerful enough to be counted as allies of the Romans. The Franks united under the reign of their first king Clovis I who led the Franks in conquering the pagan Alemanni which effectively expanded the boundaries of Gaul. The Alemanni continued to exist under Frankish rule but assimilated. Today the word for Germany in many modern-day languages is Allemagne or Alemania.

The Angles

The Angles were a Germanic tribe who inhabited a land called Angulus - the province between the Jutes and Saxons located between southern Denmark and northern Germany. Mentioned by Ptolemy and Tacitus, they were described as bordering the Longobards and Semnones. They were known by the Romans as inaccessible to attack as they lived behind ramparts of rivers and woods. Pope Gregory I writes about seeing Angle children he once saw in a Roman market as having angelic faces who should be co-heirs of the angels in heaven. Around the 5th century AD the Angles migrated to Britannia and founded the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia. The Angle kingdoms fell in the great assaults by the Danish Viking armies in the 9th century and became subjects of the Danelaw. The Saxon kings of Wessex eventually defeated the Danes and liberated the Angles. They united their royal houses with those of the Angles and the old Anglo-Saxon world thus ended and the dawn of the English people began. Some Angles remained in Angulus which is called Anglia today.

The Gaels

The Gaels are a group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man who are associated with the Gaelic language which originated in Ireland. When the Romans arrived to Britain, the Gaels traded with them. During the Middle Ages, Gaelic culture became dominant in parts of Scotland and the Isle of Man with even some Gaelic settlements in Wales. Gaelic Ireland was made up of several kingdoms with a High King claiming lordship over them. Traditional Gaelic society is organised into clans with a king or chief elected through tanistry. Pre-Christian Irish were pagans who worshipped the Tuatha De Danann and believed in an Otherworld. Their four yearly festivals of Samhain, Imoic, Beltane and Lughnasa continue to be celebrated even today. In the 12th century, Anglo-Normans conquered much of Ireland and even Normanized parts of Scotland. However Gaelic culture remained especially strong in the west of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Furthermore the rich Irish mythology was preserved and recorded by medieval Irish monasteries.

The Celtic Dobunni

The Dobunni were a Celtic tribe based in central Britain whose capital was located in Cirencester, the largest town in the Cotswolds. They were primarily farmers and craftsmen living in small villages in fertile valleys. Roman historian Dio Cassius first mentions them by name and they were described as a non-warlike tribe who easily capitulated to the Romans and easily adopted a Romano-British lifestyle. Their goddess was named Cuda, associated with the Cotswold Hills and its rivers and springs. They were also known to be one of the local tribes who issued coins before the Roman arrival.

Danish Vikings

Angul and Danum were sons of the all seeing god Heimdall. Angul became father of the Angles who conquered the Frisii and the Roman province of Britannia, Danum would become the father of the Dani in Scania. Soon everyone would know this as the land of the Danes or Denmark (named after its marshland border with the Franks). Masters of the sea, they would raid small villages on the Frankish coast to start with, but as money and slaves flowed in, they became more ambitious. Danish Vikings eventually became conquerors and settled the Danelaw in Britain. This is where the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. In the 10th century the kingdom of Denmark coalesced in Jutland under King Gorm the Old. His son Harald Bluetooth conquered Norway, unified Denmark, and Christianized the Danes. These accomplishments are inscribed in runic on a huge gravestone at Jelling. His son Sweyn Forkbeard raided England anually and was accepted as king of that country. His son Cnut the Great reconquered Norway and forged an Anglo-Danish kingdom that lasted until his death in 1035.

Scythians

Scythians had a reputation as the epitome of savagery and barbarism - they were among the earliest peoples to master mounted warfare. They lived in tent-covered wagons and fought with composite bows shot from horseback. With great mobility, Scythians could absorb the attacks of more cumbersome footsoldiers and cavalry, just retreating out of range. Various barbed and poisoned arrows would be used. Western Scythians were based in modern-day Ukraine, Southern Russia, Romania and Bulgaria. Scythians obtained their wealth from the control over trading slaves, grain, wheat, flocks and cheese. Physically they appeared Europid although some had Euro-mongoloid phenotypes. Most descriptions mention them as red or fair-haired with blue-grey eyes. Scythian sites show rich and brightly colored textiles, leatherwork and woodwork, as well as tattooing.

Vandals

The Vandals were a large Germanic tribe that migrated from southern Scandinavia and first appeared in southern Poland around 120 BC. Around 400 AD, raids by the Huns forced the Vandals to migrate westwards into the Iberian Peninsula. They then established a kingdom in North Africa, Siciliy, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands. Eventually in 455 the term Vandal became synonymous with the sacking and looting Rome. Vandals had white bodies and fair hair, and were considered tall and handsome to look upon as per Byzantine historians. In 533 the Byzantines fought to re-conquer the Vandal territory in North Africa and Iberia. Some Vandal women married Byzantine soldiers, others were shipped back to Constantinople and absorbed into the imperial army. Some were able to move back to Spain.

Gepids

Gepids were a Germanic tribe realted to the Goths, described as tall and blond-haired. The Gepids fought alongside the Huns against the Roman Empire around 440 AD. Later the Gepids founded a kingdom known as Gepidia in the eastern regions fo the Carpathian basin. They helped form a coalition to fight the Ostrogoths who ruled Pannonia. They reached their peak in 537 and settled further near modern Serbia. In 546 the Byzantines allied with the Lombards and crushed the Gepids. Any remnants were defeated by the Avars in 567 who took over all the former Gepid lands.

Sarmatians

The Sarmatians were a large confederation that flourished around the 5th century B.C and related to the Scythians. They were Caucasoid in appearance, fairly tall with long hair and beards. Reportedly many Sarmatians had reddish hair and wore long flowing robes. They would ride horseback and throw javelins while mounted. Originating in the Eurasian Steppes, they migrated westeward and dominated the Scythians by 200 B.C. They ranged from the mouth of the Danube to the Volga and bordered the shores of the Black and Caspian seas. The territory known as Sarmatia includes much of Ukraine, southern Russia and parts of the Balkans. The dominance of the region ended with the arrival of the Goths and the Hunnic invasions. Sarmatians were eventually assimiliated into the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern Europe.

Pannonians Illyrian

Pannonians were Illyrian tribes who inhabited the southern part of what later became Roman Pannonia which included Dacia, the northern Pannonian plain and the eastern Alps. Some Pannonian tribes were even Celticized. Archaeology shows they were culturally different from southern Illyrians and the Celts. Iron mining and production was an important aspect of their lives. Like other Illyrians, they frequently came into conflict with the neighboring Ancient Macedonians. The Roman Republic subdued the Illyrians during the 2nd century BC. Augusuts crushed the revolt resulting in the divisions of Illyria into Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. They were notorious seafaring people who used fast and maneuvrable ships which were later adopted by the Romans. Greco-Roman historians regarded them as bloodthirsty, unpredictable, turbulent and warlike. Herodianus wrote the Pannonians were tall and strong and always ready to fight and face danger. Their rulers wore bronze torques around their necks.

Scordisci

The Scordisci were a Celtic group formed after the Gallic invasion of 300,000 strong into the Balkan region forming a new mix of local Illyrians, Thracians and Celts with settlements in Illyria, Thrace and Dacia. They subjugated the Pannonians and celticized them. At their peak of expansion the Scordisci territory stretched into modern day Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. By the 2nd half of the 3rd century BC they became the most important power in the northern Balkans. Philip V of Macedon is the first to mention this group as they allied with Macedonia against Rome. Roman historians state the Scordisci drank blood and sacrificed prisoners to deities similiar to Mars, the Roman god of war. In 15 BC the Scordisci were crushed by Emperor Tiberius who forced them to become subjects of Rome.

Clans . Nobels . Royalty
You have multiple connections, here are your top closest matches because there are too many to list them all.

Positions

Movements

Paternal - Y - Dad
Your father's line has roots in a lot of Clans and some Royalty

Clan Smith Smythe Distance 1

Clan MacIntyre Distance 1

Clan Galloway Distance 2

Clan Joyce Seioghe Distance 6

Clan Munro Distance 7

Clan Carruthers Delta 4

Maternal - mt - Mom
Your mother's line has roots in a lot of Royalty and some Clans

Through The Ages
Your DNA only starts to show on the board from the Bronze Age

All Ages 10,000 BC - 2,021 AD

Neolithic 10,000 BC - 2,200 BC

Bronze Age 3,300 BC - 1,200 BC

Early Medieval 476 AD - 1,000 AD

Late Medieval 1,300 AD - 1,500 AD

Modern Age 1,600 AD +

DNA TIMELINE FROM EARLIEST TO LATEST

Glavanesti Bronze Age Romania . 2000 BC

Longobard + Goth (1.85)
Visigoth + Longobard (3.943)
Gael + Goth (4.604)
Celtic Dobunni + Goth (4.773)
Celtic Dobunni + Longobard (5.25)
Longobard (7.422)
Visigoth (7.612)
Gael (9.098)
Celtic Dobunni (9.18)
Goth (9.682)

In the rolling lands of what is now Romania, the Bronze Age dawned with remarkable transformations that permeated through every sphere of human life. Around 2000 BC, amidst the cultural flux that characterized this era, a community buried one of their owna person whose life and death tell a story not just of individual experience, but of a world in which Europe was knitting together through trade, migration, and the exchange of ideas.

Found in Glvneti, a site nestled within the historical landscape of Eastern Romania, this individual was laid to rest with ceremony and care. The artifacts accompanying the burial provide a wealth of information about the life and times of this person. Among the grave goods, archaeologists unearthed objects that speak of great craftsmanship and regional connections in the Bronze Age world, such as ceramic vessels and tools that would have served both practical and symbolic purposes.

These vessels, embellished with ornate patterns, evoke the interconnectedness of the times, linking the aesthetic preferences from across different territories that might have maintained vigorous trade relations. The presence of such finely made pottery suggests a community well-versed in the art that was so central to Bronze Age cultural expression.

Furthermore, the variety of tools discovered provides a glimpse into the day-to-day life and the technological proficiency of the time. These would have included implements used for agriculture, which was experiencing innovations and changes with the introduction of different crops and farming techniques, as well as weaponry or tools that showed an understanding of metallurgya signature advancement of the era.

The Leubingen . 1942 BC
Bronze Age Unetice Thuringia Leubingen Sommerda Germany
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2b1 (L2/S139) - 10.635
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2 (P312/PF6547/S116) - 11.723
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2b11 - 11.958
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5a1b1 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1a1a1b (PF6162/S224/V1754/Z645) - 13.551
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2a1b1a - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a1 (M405/U106/S21) - 13.603

The Leubingen burial site in Germany, dating back to the early Bronze Age around 1942 BC, is a thrilling showcase of ancient Unetice culture's wealth and craftsmanship. This grand mound tomb was discovered to house a chieftain's grave, which contained an astonishing array of artifacts including a gold-studded dagger, a bronze axe, and an intricately designed gold sun disc. The presence of these lavish items suggests the high social status and power of the individual buried there, underscoring the sophisticated hierarchical structures of the time. Additionally, the tomb's architectural features, such as a stone cist beneath a wooden chamber, highlight the advanced construction techniques and ceremonial practices of the era. The discovery of the Leubingen grave not only offers a glimpse into the ceremonial and aesthetic values of the Unetice culture but also provides valuable insights into the trade networks and craftsmanship of Bronze Age Europe.

The Nebra Sky Disc . 1800 BC
Bronze Age Unetice Thuringia Leubingen Sommerda Germany
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2b1 (L2/S139) - 10.635
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2 (P312/PF6547/S116) - 11.723
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2b11 - 11.958
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5a1b1 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1a1a1b (PF6162/S224/V1754/Z645) - 13.551
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2a1b1a - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a1 (M405/U106/S21) - 13.603

The Nebra Sky Disc is the oldest representation of the stars in history - 100 years older than the oldest depictions in Egypt dating from 1800 BC. This fantastic bronze disc was discovered in Nebra Germany and attributed to the Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture - not far from the related archaeological site of Leubingen. The disc is 30 cm in diameter and weights 2.2 kg - it is made of bronze and inlaid in gold with incredible details - a complex picture of the sky with the sun, moon and stars. It was the first representation of the universe in human history. The sun represented the bringer of life - the crescent moon represents the passage of time - the horizon band represents the sacred summer and winter solstices in Europe - and the sun boat, also seen in Egyptian mythology, represents the travel of the sun during the night back to the horizon. The stars are the final piece of the Jigsaw: the Pleiades constellation which appears in early Fall and disappears in Spring. Ancient Greeks also referred to the Pleiades as the celestial marker for the harvest season.

The Nebra Sky Disc portrays great religious themes from Europe and the Middle East and combines them altogether for the first time in history. The disc was a symbol of knowledge and a magic instrument - people who knew everything about the stars knew everything about magic and religion. It was a sacred magical tool for Bronze Age priests - part of its power was the knowledge normal people simply did not understand. It was science to the educated priest. 82.7 degrees prominently appears on the disc - a very specific angle - central Europeans knew this since the earliest of times - the angle between the midsummer sunset and the early winter sunset representing the solstices - the beginning and end of the harvest season. For people in latitudes to the north the measurement would be 90 degrees, for peoples in the south it would be 70 degrees. Where the Nebra sky disc was found it was precisely 82.7 degrees. Even more fascinating is that the gold used for the moon and stars originated from Cornwall England. Metallurgical analysis also shows the copper came from Austria.

Unetice Culture . 1600 BC

Bronze Age Unetice Thuringia Leubingen Sommerda Germany
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2b1 (L2/S139) - 10.635
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5b2b2 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2 (P312/PF6547/S116) - 11.723
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2b11 - 11.958
mtDNA Haplogroup: U5a1b1 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1a1a1b (PF6162/S224/V1754/Z645) - 13.551
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2a1b1a - Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a1 (M405/U106/S21) - 13.603

The Unetice culture, flourishing in Central Europe from approximately 2300 to 1600 BC, is renowned for its significant contributions to the early Bronze Age civilization. This culture is distinguished by its sophisticated metallurgical techniques, including the crafting of bronze tools and weapons, which marked a considerable technological advancement over the previous reliance on stone. Unetice societies were also notable for their elaborate burial customs, which often included richly furnished tombs indicating a stratified social structure with distinct elites. Their settlements were typically fortified, suggesting a need for defense and an organized community structure capable of large-scale construction projects. The extensive trade networks of the Unetice people facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices across vast areas, influencing neighboring regions and contributing to the broader European Bronze Age culture.

Bronze Age Germany . 1050 BC

I0099
mtDNA: H23Y-DNA: R1a1a1b1a2 (S466/Z280)
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 43)
7 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 58.75 cM
Largest chain: 245 SNPs / 21.85 cM

In the heart of what we now call Germany, during the enigmatic era of the European Bronze Age circa 1050 BCE, a male individual left behind a legacy that has echoed through the millennia, not in the form of written inscriptions or grand monuments, but through the silent whisper of his ancient DNA. This man belonged to the Y-DNA haplogroup R1a1a1b1a2, a genetic marker that weaves a story of Indo-European ancestry, suggesting a narrative of migration and the diffusion of cultures across vast territories.

His maternal heritage, indicated by the mtDNA haplogroup H23, offers a glimpse into the maternal lineage, revealing connections to populations that were well-dispersed across Europe, with hints pointing towards a potential origin in western Eurasia. This tapestry of genetic data provides an intimate portrait of the individual and the people associated with him, challenging and enhancing our understanding of the intricate web of prehistoric European populations.

Early Iron Age Ukraine Germanic Petrykiv Ternopil . 800 BC

Goth + Chauci (4.266)
Longobard + Goth (4.924)
Angle + Goth (5.459)
Alemanni + Goth (5.473)
Alemanni + Longobard (7.184)
Longobard (7.96)
Chauci (10.25)
Alemanni (10.68)
Angle (10.78)
Goth (11.49)

Frankish Grave Lower Saxony Hannover Anderten Germany . 400 AD

ADN008
mtDNA: H3afY-DNA: I1 (M253)
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 50)
6 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 54.87 cM
Largest chain: 193 SNPs / 24.2 cM

In the verdant lands of what we now call Lower Saxony, near the modern city of Hannover in Anderten, an ancient burial harkens back to the days when the Franks were etching out their identity in the waning days of Roman hegemony. Dating roughly to the 5th century AD, a remarkable grave illuminated a mosaic of cultures in a time often associated with the Migration Periodthe era when Germanic tribes roamed and redefined the boundaries of Europe.

The man laid to rest within this grave carried the genetic markers of his ancestors his Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup I1 and his mitochondrial DNA to haplogroup H3af. These lineages provide tantalizing clues to his connections not only within the Frankish world but also to the broader narrative of human migration across the continent.

Late Roman Empire
Pannonia Hungary Fonyod . 440 AD
Genetic Distance: 10.11

Hun Invader
Hungary Danube-Tisza . 450 AD
Genetic Distance: 10.1

Longobard Grave Austria Moedling-Leinerinnen Vienna Basin . 550 AD
Genetic Distance: 10.23

Frankish . Hungary . 590 AD

SZ38
mtDNA: HV0
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 16)
4 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 19.95 cM
Largest chain: 276 SNPs / 10.61 cM

Szolad, is located in present-day Hungary. There are 45 graves, all of which are dated to the middle of the sixth century based on a combination of stylistic elements of the grave goods and radiocarbon dating (2-sigma range of 412-604 AD). Archeological, stable isotope, and mtDNA (HVS-1) analyses suggested that Szolad was occupied for only 20-30 years by a migrating group of Longobard-era settlers. The female to male ratio is 0.65.

Germanic Lombard Szolad . 590 AD

SZ3
mtDNA: H-b1Y-DNA: I2a1b1a2b1a2b1 (BY3605)
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 100)
17 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 319.87 cM
Largest chain: 751 SNPs / 59.23 cM

In the lands that once saw the migration and establishment of various Germanic tribes during the decline of the Roman Empire, an extraordinary find emerged from the soils of what is now modern-day Hungary. Dating back to the turbulent years of the Early Middle Ages, around 590 AD, the remains of a man were discovered, eloquently narrating the story of the Germanic Lombards who once traversed and settled these areas.

This individual, whose remains we can thoughtfully consider, was decidedly of the Lombard persuasion, as told by the grave goods that accompanied his final resting place. He was laid to rest with personal items that spoke of his status and identity within the Lombard societya society that was influenced by a myriad of cultural exchanges due to their migratory nature and contacts with the Romans and other barbarian groups.

The artifacts enclosed with his remains included weaponry such as a shield boss, a knife, and a lance that hinted at his possible role as a warrior or someone of a certain rank within the martial hierarchy of his tribe. There were also fittings and buckles fashioned from precious metals, and the remains of cloth and organic material that suggest a garment of status.

Migration Period Hungary Rakoczifalva . 650 AD
RKO002 - 632.0 shared SNPs - 192.0 longest shared SNP chain
Genetic Distance: 9.567

Viking Norwegian (2.294)
Viking + Longobard (2.581)
Viking Norwegian + Longobard (2.889)
Angle + Longobard (3.647)
Longobard + Chauci (4.113)
Angle + Viking Norwegian (4.211)
Longobard (4.981)
Angle (6.682)
Chauci (7.302)
Viking (7.469)

In the verdant plains of Hungary, amidst the vestiges of a Migration Period settlement, archaeologists discovered the remains of a man who lived and was interred around 650 AD, near the site later known as Rkosczifalva. This individual, a reflection of the turbulent era that saw the movement of peoples across Europe following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, offers a fascinating glimpse into the past through both his genetic heritage and the grave goods that accompanied him on his journey to the afterlife.

This ancient soul, whose bones whisper tales of lineage and lifestyle, belonged to the paternal Y-DNA haplogroup I1a2a1a1a2, a genetic marker that traces his paternal ancestry to the far reaches of Northern Europe. This hint at long-forgotten migrations into the Carpathian basin is complemented by his maternal lineage, with the mtDNA haplogroup U5b2a2a1, indicating ties to ancient hunter-gatherer populations that once roamed the continent.

This DNA is found on maps including, Ottoman Empire, Illyria Pannonia, East Roman Empire, Mergovingian Dynasty, Hungary.

Carolingian Drantum Lower Saxony Germany 750 AD
DRU016 - 143.0 shared SNPs - 143.0 longest shared SNP chain

Viking + Longobard (2.111)
Viking Norwegian (2.863)
Angle + Viking Norwegian (3.143)
Viking + Chauci (3.245)
Viking Norwegian + Longobard (3.292)
Viking + Angle (3.348)
Longobard (5.189)
Angle (5.275)
Viking (6.31)
Chauci (6.53)

In the verdant landscapes of Lower Saxony, near the site once known as Drantum, a remarkable discovery was made: the resting place of a woman who lived in the heart of the Carolingian Empire around 750 AD, during a period characterized by the ascension of Charlemagne and the consolidation of power that would define medieval Europe. This woman, whose grave site was an echo of the distant past, belonged to the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U3a1, a genetic lineage that speaks to her ancestral ties to the wider European narrative. Her remains provide a rare and intimate connection to the lives of the individuals who once lived during an era that sowed the seeds of modern European identity.

This is a map of your DNA on an original Ancient Germania map, however this DNA is also found on the following maps: Ancient Scania, Benelux, Gaul, French Royalty, Holy Roman Empire and the Merovingian Dynasty.

Anglo Saxon Norton on Tees 780 AD
Anglo Saxon (Genetic match)

The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Norton Bishopsmill dates from 650-910 AD and was excavated in the village of Norton, Teesside, north east England. This Anglo-Saxon sample is the best preserved in the 100 individuals who have been found in the cemetary. SNP analysis shows he had blue eyes and blonde hair and shared the same Y-DNA haplogroup as people from Scandinavia.

This DNA is found on maps including: Medieval British Isles Picts, British Royalty, Scotland, Romano-Celtic Britain, Northumbria and Hadrians Wall, Ancient Britannia, Late Roman Britannia, North Yorkshire.

Norwegian Viking Iceland 950 AD
HSJ-A1 - 3426.0 shared SNPs - 895.0 longest shared SNP chain
Viking Norwegian (Genetic match)

Also Norse graves would typically involve burying goods that would be taken to the afterlife such as weapons, animals, boats, jewelry and household items. In 1996 a pre-Christian Viking site was unearthed in Hrolfsstadir (HSJ) by a bulldozer. The individual was a male found with a comb, knife and pieces of charcoal. The body was in a NW-SW orientation and 1.55 meters long and 0.60 meters wide - they had been moved around as the grave was disturbed by grave robbers. Note: This is the same individual as HSJ-A1B who has a more up-to-date genome.

Norwegian Viking Iceland . 1000 AD
STT-A2 - 2661.0 shared SNPs - 544.0 longest shared SNP chain
Viking Norwegian (Genetic match)

The Icelandic individuals from the Viking Age were uncovered between 1900 and 1996 and are stored at the National Museum of Iceland. They represent the first few generations after the settlement of Iceland (870-930 AD) based on context and radiocarbon dating. The Norse religion started being replaced by Christianity around 1000 AD which led to visible changes in burial customs. Old Norse customs would have the body lying in a north-south orientation as single inhumations, whereas Christian burials would use coffins in relatively large cemetaries with graves in an east-west orientation. Also Norse graves would typically involve burying goods that would be taken to the afterlife such as weapons, animals, boats, jewelry and household items.

In 1952, a pre-Christian Viking site was excavated in Straumur which could have been a boat burial. Grave goods included a horse bone, a small axe, thirty boat rivets, a lead weight, two pebbles and a knife. This DNA appears on maps including Ancient Scandia and Viking Iceland.

St. Brice's Day Massacre Oxford . 13 Nov 1002 AD
V6P - 119.0 shared SNPs - 119.0 longest shared SNP chain
VK166 - 2389.0 shared SNPs - 506.0 longest shared SNP chain

* mtDNA Haplogroup: H82 - 46% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: H17 - 9% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: J1c3e1 - 40% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: H3ag2 + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a (CTS4299) - 98% Closer than others + Genetic Distance 10.292 - Sample Match! 62% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: T1a1q + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1a2 (DF17/S455) + Genetic Distance 12.299 - Sample Match! 69% Closer than others

VK166
mtDNA: H3ag2Y-DNA: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a (CTS4299)
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 91)
10 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 189.21 cM
Largest chain: 506 SNPs / 54.08 cM

Viking Norwegian + Frank (3.825)
Viking Danish + Frank (3.969)
Viking Norwegian + Anglo Saxon (4.174)
Anglo Saxon + Frank (4.193)
Anglo Saxon (4.665)
Viking Danish + Anglo Saxon (4.796)
Frank (5.975)
Viking Danish (6.133)
Viking Norwegian (6.688)
Celtic Dobunni (7.498)

This DNA is found on maps including, Gaul, French Royalty, Medieval British Isles Picts, Royal British, Romano-Celtic Britain, Kingdom of Mercia, Ancient Britannia, Late Roman Britannia.

King Aethelred the Unready was informed the Viking mercenaries he had paid to protect his kingdom intended to kill him. He sanctioned one of the most heinous acts in English history: the St Brices Day Massacre. The skeletons in the grounds of St Johns College in Oxford were indeed these victims. The King himself described how the residents of Oxford killed a group of Danes in a local church - striving to escape death, the Danes entered a sanctuary of Christ having broken by force the doors and bolts in order defend themselves against the townspeople. These townsfolk attempted to drive them out and could not, so instead set fire to the timbers and burnt it down. Afterwards they carted the corpses out through the North Gate of the city and threw the dead Vikings into the prehistoric henge, the largest ditch near Oxfords northern exit. Gunnhild, sister of Viking King Sweyn Forkbeard was among the victims of the massacre, although her body was never found.

Twenty of the skeletons bore punctures in their vertebrae and pelvic bones and 27 skulls were broken or cracked indicated traumatic head injuries. A dozen of the victims were stabbed in the back. Some victims had suffered serious burns to their heads, backs, pelvic regions and arms. Radiocarbon dating showed every corpse died around the same time at the same location matching the date of the massacre. All the bodies were fit, fighting-age males with large and extremely robust physiques. The skeleton bone collagen showed they had eaten more fish and shellfish than the average Anglo-Saxon, very typical of Viking diets.

Aethelred II, known later as "the Unready", was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death. He came to the throne at the age of 12 after his half brother was murdered. At the start of his reign, Danish raids on English territory began in earnest. Aethelred defended his country by a diplomatic alliance with the duke of Normandy. The Battle of Maldon on 11. August 991 AD involved 2,000-4,000 fighting Viking men led by Olaf Tryggvason against the Anglo-Saxon leader Byrhtnoth who was the Ealdorman of Essex. This ended in defeat for the Anglo-Saxons and King Aethelred was forced to pay tribute, also known as Danegeld, to the Danish king. This payment of 10,000 Roman pounds of silver was the first example of Danegeld in England - a pattern which would follow. The Danish army continued ravaging the English coast until a Danegeld of 22,000 pounds of gold and silver was paid - at which point Olaf Tryggvason promised to never return. Viking attacks only grew worse - Danish raids would follow leading to an even larger Danegeld payment of 24,000 pounds for peace in the Spring of 1002 AD.

The same year, Aethelred married Lady Emma, the sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy in hopes of a stronger diplomatic alliance. On St. Brice's Day, 13. November 1002, the confident yet paranoid King ordered the killing of all Danes living on border towns such as Oxford. Aethelred described this massacre in his own words: "... a decree was sent out by me with the counsel of my leading men and magnates, to the effect that all the Danes who had sprung up in this island, sprouting like cockle amongst the wheat, were to be destroyed by a more just extermination, and thus this decree was to be put into effect even as far as death, those Danes who dwelt in the afore-mentioned town, striving to escape death, entered this sanctuary of Christ, having broken by force the doors and bolts, and resolved to make refuge and defence for themselves therein against the people of the town and the subrubs; but when all the people in pursuit strove, forced by necessitym to drive them out, and could not, they set fire to the planks and burnt, as it seems, this church with its ornaments and its books".

The skeletons of 34 to 38 fit, fighting-aged males with large and extremely robust physiques were found under St. John's College, Oxford in 2008 who are thought to be these Vikings killed in St. Frideswide's Church. The skeleton bone collagen showed they had eaten more fish and shellfish than the typical Anglo-Saxon locals, and the bones showed numerous older battle scars indicating they were experienced professional warriors. Twenty of the bodies bore traumatic punctures in their verebrae, pelvic bones or skulls. Some victims had serious burns ot their heads, backs, pelvic regions and arms - others showed puncture wounds from multiple points of attack including blade and puncture wounds to the back of the head. Among those thought to have been killed is Gunhilde, who was the sister of Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark. Her remains have not yet been discovered. Her husband Pallig Tokesen, the Danish Ealdorman of Devonshire was also killed in the massacre. This triggered King Sweyn to head to Normandy, make a treaty with a Viking descendant of Rollo, and commence with a series of campaigns to invade England.

Sweyn launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England, during which he demonstrated his prowess as a general more than any other Viking of his generation. By the end of the year, English resistance collapsed and Aethelred was forced into exile in Normandy. However on 3. February 1014 Sweyn died suddenly. His crews of Danish ships immediately swore loyalty to his son Cnut the Great. The Norwegian Olaf Haraldsson worked with Aethelred to retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army withdrew and in April 1014 and Aethelred got his revenge against the Danes. Not long after Aethelred's own death two years later, Cnut defeated Aethelred's son Edmund Ironside in a decisive battle and just a few months later Cnut became king of all of England. A few years later he was also crowned King of Denmark, and later also became King of Norway, and parts of Sweden. He was a strong and effective king, introducing Danish customs to England and also English influence back to Denmark. Cnut appointed several Englishmen as bishops in Denmark and he married Emma of Normandy (the widow of Aethelred). She bore Cnut a son, Harthacnut, who was succeeded by her own son with Aethelred - Edward II, known as the Confessor.

Denmark St Clemen Zealand Denmark . 1100 AD

KPN007
mtDNA: H1b
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 38)
4 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 18.46 cM
Largest chain: 192 SNPs / 7.25 cM

In the quiet repose of the Post Viking Era, the soil of Zealand, Denmark cradled the remains of a woman who lived around 1100 AD. In the twilight of the era that had once thundered with the conquests of Viking longships, her skeletal whispers offer a tantalizing glimpse into an age that stood on the cusp of the Medieval world, betwixt warlords and the dawning of nascent kingdoms.

Her bones, interred in the hallowed ground near the ancient church of St. Clement, bore the genetic marker of mitochondrial haplogroup H1b, a lineage that threads back through the tapestry of prehistoric migrations weaving their path across Europe. This woman, likely of local Danish origin, possessed a genetic signature that would have been relatively common in the European populations of the time.

Surrounding her were the artifacts of her era and possibly her lifeitems that speak of the cultural milieu she inhabited. These artifacts, echoing the material culture of early medieval Denmark, included fragments of pottery that once served in daily domestic life, as well as personal adornments that may have glistened on her person. Beads, brooches, and perhaps a knife or small tool could have been among the possessions that accompanied her on her final journey, as was the custom to provide the deceased with grave goods for the afterlife or as markers of their earthly status.

KPN001
mtDNA: H3v+16093
Shared DNA: (Sample Quality: 35)
3 SNP chains (min. 60.0 SNPs) / 13.13 cM
Largest chain: 155 SNPs / 6.88 cM

The story of Scandinavian history is richly embroidered with tales of intrepid seafarers Vikings, whose legacies still echo across the shores of Denmark. Around 1100 AD, a time which might be seen as the post-Viking era in Denmark, we step into a world that's transitioning from the iconic sagas to the Christian consolidation symbolized by the growing number of churches dedicated to saints, such as St. Clement in Zealand.

The remains of a woman from this period offer us a fascinating glimpse into the genetic narrative of the time. This individual was part of a society that was slowly shedding its Viking roots and embracing new cultural norms. She bore the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H3v, a genetic marker that would have linked her to the broader narratives of European ancestry. Her lineage speaks to a connection across the continent, dating back thousands of yearsa tale of human migration and evolution.

The artifacts discoverable with her paint a picture of domestic life and ritual that capture the imagination. Personal items, perhaps a brooch that once fastened her cloak or a comb intricately carved from bone, lay beside her, providing clues to her status and identity. Such objects were common in the graves of the era, serving not only as cherished possessions in life but also as grave goods meant to accompany the deceased into the afterlife.

Foulis Castle . Scotland . Clan Munro . 1154 AD
Haplogroup: I2a1a2a1b1a2b
Subclade Distance: 7

Dread God
This phrase succinctly encapsulates the spirit of the Munro clan, with an exhortation that emphasizes their reverence for the divine and suggests a pious approach to life, trusting in and fearing the wrath of God, which was a common sentiment during the times when the motto would have been established.

57°38'42.0"N 4°21'55.0"W

Chief: Hector William Munro of Foulis. Famous Battles: Battle of Bannockburn, Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, Battle of Glen Shiel.

Munros of Foulis - James Monroe (1758-1831)

Explore the storied halls of Foulis Castle, a bastion of Scottish heritage entrenched in the romantic landscapes of Ross and Cromarty. Journey through time in this ancient stronghold of Clan Munro, from its medieval origins to its rebirth as a classical mansion. Foulis Castle, nestled two miles south-west of Evanton in the parish of Kiltearn, Scotland, stands as a testament to the region's tumultuous history and architectural evolution. This iconic structure has been the seat of the Clan Munro since the 12th century, serving as both a fortress and a family home through the ages.

The origins of Foulis Castle trace back to an 11th-century Motte, a man-made mound topped by a wooden palisade, believed to be the site's first fortification. The castle as known today began its life as a tower house built in 1154. Over the centuries, it witnessed various charters and historic moments, including those linked to Uilleam III, Earl of Ross, and the Earldom of Ross's influence in the region. Foulis Castle today reflects a beautiful meld of ancient and more modern architectural styles. The original defensive structure, marked by thick walls and gun loops for defense, gradually transitioned into a more spacious and elegant mansion by the 18th century. Key features include remnants of the original fortifications and the integration of classical design elements during its restoration post-1746.

The castle has played a significant role in the social and political landscape, serving as a venue for clan gatherings and a symbol of the Munro family's prestige. Throughout its history, Foulis Castle was not just a military stronghold but also a focal point for local governance and assemblies under the rallying cry of 'Caisteal Foghlais na theine' during times of war.
During its long history, Foulis Castle withstood various sieges and attacks, notably during clan disputes and the Jacobite risings. The Battle of Falkirk Muir in 1746 saw the castle being temporarily captured and burned by Jacobite forces, leading to significant structural damage and the subsequent need for extensive renovation.

Beyond its martial past, Foulis Castle holds cultural significance, symbolizing the resilience and continuity of Scottish heritage. It has been a muse for various artistic expressions and remains a beacon of history, proudly preserving the legacy of the Clan Munro for future generations.
The clan originated in Ireland and moved to Scotland in the 11th century. The clan fought in the Scottish Wars of Independence with King Robert the Bruce. The clan was loyal to the Crown and adopted the Protestant faith during the Reformation. The clan was involved in conflicts with neighboring clans, particularly the MacKenzies. The clan supported Mary Queen of Scots and defended the Crown Lands of Ross and the Black Isle. This phrase succinctly encapsulates the spirit of the Munro clan, with an exhortation that emphasizes their reverence for the divine and suggests a pious approach to life, trusting in and fearing the wrath of God, which was a common sentiment during the times when the motto would have been established.

The Clan Munro has its origins in the Scottish Highlands with a lineage that traces back to the early 12th century. Traditionally, they held lands in Ross-shire and were loyal to the Earls of Ross, and later to the crown. The clan's fortunes ebited and flowed through Scotland's tumultuous history, but they often found theamselves in military service, fighting in notable conflicts including battles against the English and in the Jacobite uprisings.

Chillingham Castle . Lord & Lady Grey . 1200 AD

* mtDNA Haplogroup: H3ag2 + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a (CTS4299) - 98% Closer than others + Genetic Distance 10.292 - Sample Match! 62% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: H3ag2 + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a (CTS4299) - 98% Closer than others + Genetic Distance 10.292 - Sample Match! 62% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: J2b1o2 + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b (S228/Z198) + Genetic Distance 12.149 - Sample Match! 90% Closer than others

Nestled in the heart of Northumberland, Castle Chillingham stands as a remarkable relic of medieval times, radiating a history as dramatic as its architecture - it is also known as Britain's most haunted Castle. Originally built as a monastery in the 12th century, it was fortified over the years to defend against invading Scots, thus becoming a fully-fledged castle by the 14th century. The castle has witnessed numerous historical events, from the bloody Border Wars to the intrigues of the English nobility. It served not only as a fortress but also as a royal retreat for figures such as King Edward I. Each stone and turret of Chillingham tells a story, encapsulating centuries of tumultuous history and the echoes of those who once roamed its halls.

Among the castle's many ghostly residents, the sad story of Lady Mary Berkeley is perhaps the most poignant. The wife of Lord Grey, who notoriously abandoned her for her own sister, Lady Mary's forlorn spirit is said to still wander the halls of her ancient home. Visitors often report hearing the rustle of her dress and soft, sorrowful sighs throughout the corridors, particularly near her portrait in the chapel. It is as if Lady Mary continues to mourn her lost love and betrayal, unable to find peace even in death. Her presence adds a layer of melancholic beauty to the castle, making her story a central strand in the rich tapestry of Chillingham's history.

Perhaps the most famous of all Chillingham spectral inhabitants is the Blue Boy who according to legend, was often seen by the residents and visitors glowing in a radiant, eerie blue light around the Pink Room. The ghostly sightings were accompanied by heartbreaking cries of distress echoing through the castle walls, particularly near a passage hidden within the thick walls of the room. In a chilling discovery during renovation works, workers uncovered the bones of a young boy and fragments of blue clothing within the walls. It is believed that the remains are those of the Blue Boy, lending a tragic truth to the tales that had been told for centuries. Now, his soul is said to rest, and the blue spectral sightings have since ceased, but his story remains a captivating aspect of Chillinghams haunted legacy.

The heart of Castle Chillingham is its majestic Great Hall, a grand room where feasts, dances, and royal gatherings once took place under ornately carved wooden beams and flickering torchlights. The walls, adorned with ancient tapestries and heraldic shields, reflect the regal past of the castle and create an atmosphere of time honored tradition. Venturing deeper into the castle, visitors encounter the chilling dungeon. This stark, dimly lit chamber, with its rough stone walls and heavy iron chains, stands in stark contrast to the grandeur above. It serves as a haunting reminder of the castle's darker aspects, where prisoners once languished in dire conditions, awaiting their fates far from the light of the royal courts.

The Grey family association with Chillingham Castle is a narrative filled with power, politics, and intrigue that significantly shaped the history of the region. Sir Thomas Grey, who established the family connection to the castle in the early 1400s, was instrumental in fortifying the structure, preparing it to withstand the tumultuous periods of border conflict between England and Scotland. Over the centuries, the Greys became entwined with the aristocracy of England, participating in various historical events, including the Wars of the Roses and later, the political machinations of the Tudor and Stuart periods. The samples in this spotlight match the Gray/Grey family line - the exact all male line. Do you relate to this incredible story? In any case next time you enjoy a sip of Earl Grey Tea you may remember this fascinating story.

Ardchattan Priory Scotland . Clan MacIntyre . 1230 AD
Haplogroup: I1a1b1a4a2f1a1a7a
Longest shared SNP chain: 895.0 - Total Shared SNPs: 3426.0
Subclade Distance: 1

Per Ardua
Through difficulty or adversity we overcome

56°27'45.3"N 5°17'49.8"W

Total SNPs: 3426.0
Dist:1

Discover the serene beauty and historical richness of Ardchattan Priory, a former Valliscaulian monastic community nestled in the heart of Argyll, Scotland.
Ardchattan Priory stands as a poignant relic of Scotland's religious past. Founded in 1230 by Duncan MacDougal, Lord of Argyll, this priory has witnessed centuries of history, from medieval ecclesiastical functions to conflicts and transformations.
The priory was established as a Valliscaulian monastic community, a lesser-known order that flourished in the region. It underwent significant changes through the centuries, including its incorporation into the Cistercian order, though evidence remains minimal. The priory’s connection with the MacDougal clan and Clan Chattan underscores its integral position within local power structures.
The architectural remains of Ardchattan Priory, though now partially in ruins, offer a glimpse into its grand past. The cruciform plan of the church, the distinctive stone screen, and the surviving 15th-century choir evoke the priory’s historical significance. Notably, the refectory and its pulpit from the 15th century, preserved and restored, highlight the priory’s architectural and religious heritage.

Historically, the priory served as a center for local governance and ecclesiastical affairs, notably exemplified by the chantership of Lismore Cathedral once held by its prior. The transition of ownership to Clan Campbell and its transformation into a private residence reflect the shifting political landscapes of the time.

The priory’s strategic location near Loch Etive played a role in military campaigns, including Robert the Bruce’s activities. The transformation of its structures during and post-conflicts underscores the region’s tumultuous period during the medieval era.
Ardchattan Priory not only serves as a historic site but also as a testament to Scotland’s rich cultural tapestry, influencing local legends such as those surrounding the yew trees used at the Battle of Bannockburn. Its ruins and the surrounding gardens continue to draw interest for their beauty and historical depths.

The Clan MacIntyre has origins in the Scottish Highlands, particularly in the areas around Ben Cruachan. The name MacIntyre translates to son of the carpenter, which suggests their ancestral occupation. The clan never owned significant lands as they held their territory from the powerful Clan Campbell, a situation that affected their autonomy and prominence in Scottish clan history.

Chief: Donald R. MacIntyre of Glenoe

Castle of Gadgirth England . Clan Chalmers . 1300 AD
The castle that keeps getting demolished
Subclade Distance:

Non Praeda sed Victoria
Meaning not spoiled by victory

Avance
Meaning to advance into life

55°28'07.4"N 4°31'06.5"W

Dist:3

Delve into the storied past of the Castle of Gadgirth, a historic fortress entwined with the legacy of Clan Chalmers and the evolving landscape of South Ayrshire, Scotland.The Castle of Gadgirth, nestled along the River Ayr in South Ayrshire, Scotland, stands as a testament to the rich and turbulent history of the region. Once a symbol of power and familial lineage, this castle has witnessed significant historical events, shaping its character through centuries.

The origins of Gadgirth Castle trace back to the medieval period, specifically linked to Clan Chalmers, originally known as De Camera. Over the centuries, the castle evolved from a strategic stronghold to a more residential manor, reflecting broader changes in Scottish architecture and society.

Gadgirth Castle's architecture is a fusion of defensive and residential features. Initially constructed as a fortified structure, it later incorporated more domestic elements, evident from remnants and historical records, providing insight into the architectural trends of its time. The castle served not only as a residence but also as a locus of power and governance. It played a pivotal role in the local administration and was often a gathering place for the elite, impacting the social structure of the surrounding area.

Throughout its history, Gadgirth Castle was a witness to conflict and power struggles. It played defensive roles during various conflicts, providing shelter and a strategic vantage point, integral to the local and national wartime narratives. Gadgirth Castle holds a special place in Scottish cultural history. It has been a source of inspiration for artists and historians alike, contributing to the cultural richness of Scotland with its deep historical roots and enduring legacy.

Little is known of the history of this castle site, once held by the ancestors of the Chalmer, originally the De Camera family, which was replaced by their later 14th century Gadgirth Castle that stood around 500 metres or a quarter of a mile upstream on the same southern side of the River Ayr until demolished in 1808.[3][6] Reginaldus de Camera (Chalmer) is recorded to have held the Barony of Gadgirth during the reign of William the Lion

Threave Castle England . Clan Galloway . 1369
Haplogroup: I2a1b1a2b1a2
Longest shared SNP chain: 751.0 - Total Shared SNPs: 6074.0
Subclade Distance: 2

Virescit vulnere virtus
Translates to "Her virtue flourishes by her wound".

54°56'21.1"N 3°58'10.9"W

Dist: 2

Explore the rich history and architectural marvels of Threave Castle, a medieval stronghold nestled on an island in Scotland's picturesque River Dee. Threave Castle, located in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, stands as a testament to medieval strategic architecture. Built in the 1370s by Archibald the Grim, this castle has witnessed the tumultuous periods of Scottish history, playing a pivotal role as a fortress of the powerful Black Douglases.

The origins of Threave Castle are deeply rooted in the military and political strategies of the late Middle Ages. Constructed by Archibald the Grim, the castle served as a bastion for the Black Douglases, a prominent Scottish noble family, until their downfall in 1455. Its strategic location on an island made it an ideal defensive stronghold against invaders and rebellious forces alike.

Architecturally, Threave Castle is renowned for its imposing tower house, which dates back to the 14th century, and the innovative artillery house added in the 15th century. This combination of structures showcases the evolution of castle design in response to the increasing use of gunpowder and artillery in warfare.Throughout its history, Threave Castle played a significant social and political role. It was not just a military stronghold but also a center of power for the Lords of Galloway. The castle's social significance is highlighted by its connection to Princess Margaret, who ruled the lordship from here after her husband's death.

The castle's military significance was particularly evident during the siege of 1455, when it was captured by forces loyal to King James II. The introduction of the artillery house at Threave marked a shift in siege tactics, demonstrating the castle's role in the evolution of military defenses. Aside from its military and political importance, Threave Castle holds a place in cultural history. It has inspired numerous literary works and exhibits features that have influenced architectural styles beyond Scotland. Today, it is a cherished historical site, open to the public for exploration and education.

Michael de Galewath (1230) . Sande Galowey (1495) . Patrick Galloway (1626)

Mouswald Tower . Clan Carruthers . 1400 AD
Haplogroup: I1a1b1b - Delta: 4
Subclade Distance:

Promptus et Fidelis
This Latin motto translates to Ready and Faithful, reflecting the values of loyalty and preparedness that have been central to the clan's identity.

Discover the rich tapestry of Scottish history through the remains of Mouswald Tower, where centuries of feudal battles and political machinations are etched into stone. The remnants of Mouswald Tower, positioned in Dumfriesshire, UK, offer a glimpse into the often tumultuous history of Scotland. Dating back to the 15th century, these ruins are steeped in the legacy of Clan Carruthers and bearer of tales from a time when stone walls provided not just defense but denoted power and status.

The specific date of Mouswald Tower's initial construction remains unknown, but historical records reveal the lands of Mouswald had significance as early as the 13th century during the reign of Alexander II. Control passed through various hands and had connections to figures such as Robert de Brus and Robert the Bruce. By the 15th century, it was under the control of Clan Carruthers, noted for their political prominence and links to other Scottish nobility.

Mouswald Tower likely stood two stories high on a low hill, with thick stone walls protecting its inhabitants from external threats. The design featured gun-loops for defense, and the overall architecture reflects the typical Scottish tower house design of the period, focused on fortitude and endurance rather than comfort. The Tower served more than just a military function; it was also a center of administration and governance for the Carruthers lands. As a key fixture in the local landscape, it facilitated control and exerted influence over the surrounding territory, strengthening the social and political status of the Carruthers clan.

Through its existence, Mouswald Tower bore witness to numerous conflicts that characterized the Scottish Borders. It provided a strategic advantage being situated at a critical junction, and played a significant role during skirmishes. Its fortifications were tested and proved crucial during various historical confrontations. Despite its primary function as a fortification, Mouswald Tower also contributed to the cultural life of its era. It was a symbol of noble status, a center of local governance, and a focal point of community identity. Its strategic importance and enduring legacy make it an essential subject of study for understanding Scottish feudal history.

Learn more about this Clan and Tower

Norwegian Soldiers 1940

Dundas Castle Scotland . Clan Dundas . 1416 AD
Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a1e

Essayez
The motto Essayez translates to Try or Attempt from French, signifying the determination and resolve of the Clan Dundas to strive and persevere in all their endeavors.

55°58'31.0"N 3°24'53.0"W

Total SNPs: 2661.0
Dist:0

Discover the rich tapestry of Dundas Castle, a remarkable emblem of Scotland’s historical and architectural heritage, nestled in West Lothian. Join us on a journey through time at this magnificent 15th-century castle, embraced by storied walls and lush landscapes.

Dundas Castle, set in the serene parish of Dalmeny, Scotland, stands as a splendid representation of medieval architecture with significant 19th-century additions by the illustrious William Burn. Since the Middle Ages, the castle was the ancestral home of the Dundas family, marking its presence through centuries of Scottish history. This majestic estate has transitioned through various hands and now serves as the residence of Sir Jack Stewart-Clark, encapsulating a blend of historical and modern significances.

The name 'Dundas' is derived from the Gaelic dùn deas, meaning 'south hill' or 'pretty hill,' pointing to the castle’s scenic and strategic location. Historically, the land was part of a grant by King Malcolm Canmore in the 11th century to Gospatrick, the earl of Northumbria. Over centuries, the Dundas family expanded their territory in Mid and West Lothian, with their influence peaking during the medieval period when James Dundas received authorization in 1416 from the Duke of Albany to erect a keep, signifying the castle’s founding.

The architectural grandeur of Dundas Castle is exhibited through its initial construction as a keep and its transformation in the 19th century into a Tudor-Gothic mansion by William Burn. The castle features a harmonious blend of historical and aesthetic elements, from the massive windows offering panoramic views to the meticulous stonework reminiscent of ecclesiastical influences. Its designation as a Category A building highlights its architectural and historical importance.
Throughout its existence, Dundas Castle has played a pivotal role in the social and political tapestry of Scotland. From hosting royalty and nobility to serving as a military headquarters during World War II, the castle has been a silent witness to numerous historical events that have shaped the region. Its walls resonate with the echoes of meetings, celebrations, and strategic planning that have contributed to its storied past.

In times of conflict, Dundas Castle served as more than just a noble residence; it was a fortress and strategic point. Remarkably, during the Second World War, the castle functioned as a headquarters for the protection of the Forth Bridge, a crucial asset. The castle’s robust build and strategic location made it an ideal candidate for such a significant military role, highlighting its adaptability and importance in Scotland’s defense architecture.

Dundas Castle is not only a piece of architectural marvel but also a cultural beacon that has inspired various artistic endeavors. It has set the scene for numerous film and television productions, such as 'The Little Vampire' and 'Book of Blood,' showcasing its versatility and appeal as a picturesque filming location. Furthermore, the castle’s transformation into a premier event venue, particularly for weddings, underscores its cultural relevance in contemporary times.

Blarney Castle Ireland . 1446 AD

* mtDNA Haplogroup: T2a1b1a + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a5c (S5488) - 92% Closer than others + Genetic Distance 10.583 - Sample Match! 72% Closer than others
* mtDNA Haplogroup: H49a2 + Y-DNA Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a5a1a1 (L294.2/L362.2/S312.2) - 14% Closer than others + Genetic Distance 11.771 - Sample Match! 77% Closer than others

The MacCarthy Clan coat of arms is shown here. DNA evidence has identified the Y-DNA haplogroup (all male line) of the MacCarthy Dynasty. Cross referencing this to our ancient sample database has found some exact matches which are hilighted in this Spotlight. Note these samples therefore relate by an all male line back to one of the MacCarthy ancestors! As a result, any relations you discover to the samples hilighted here can imply your own relation to the MacCarthy clan - and of course to Blarney Castle - or even the Irish High Kings.

Blarney Castle is a medieval stronghold located in Blarney near Cork Ireland. The stone keep was built by the MacCarthy of Muskerry dynasty and dates from 1446. The famous Blarney stone is also found among the battlements. The castle was besieged during the Irish Conferate Wars and seized in 1646 by Parliamentarian forces. However it was returned to Donough MacCarty who became 1st Earl of Clancarty. The castle was also captured and confiscated by the Williamites in the 1690s who supported King William as the successor to James II. Afterwards the castle was sold and changed hands several times before being bought by the governor of Cork in the 18th century. Today the castle is open to visitors and is surrounded by extensive gardens with rock formations including the Wishing Steps, Druids Circle and Witchs Cave. There is also a poison garden with poisonous plants including wolfsbane, mandrake, ricin, opium and cannabis.

The MacCarthy family was one of the most powerful of the Clans in Munster. The origin of the clan begins with Carthatch, an Eoganacht Chaisil king who died mysteriously in 1045 burned alive in his bed - potentially a victim of his rivals the OBrien clan. Another famous MacCarthy, Cormac MacCarthy, a King and Bishop is famous for building one of Irelands most famous structures - Cormac's Chapel - at the Rock of Cashel. The Rock of Cashel had been the seat of the High Kings of Munster for centuries - archaeological evidence shows the Rock had been used as the center for High Chieftains of Ireland as far back as the 4th century. The Rock is actually a gigantic lump of limestone which rises out of the lush plains of the Tipperary (the Vale). Legend has it that St. Patrick himself banished Satan from a cave in a mountain near Cashel which formed the Rock - St. Patrick is shown here appointing a High King paternal ancestor of the MacCarthy clan.

Although the MacCarthy clan had owned various castles, Blarney Castle was their historical seat. And there are many legens around the famed Blarney stone of the castle. One legend claims the Blarney stone was given as a gift to Cormac MacCarthy, King of Desmond, from king Robert the Bruce of Scotland who presented the magical stone for his assistance in the battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Another says the goddess Cliodhna blessed the stone saving the castle builder Cormac Laidir MacCarthy from a lawsuit in the 15th century. In any case kissing the Blarney stone is said to give one powers to deceive others without offending them - or the ability to exhibit great eloquence at flattery. The ritual has been performed by millions of people going back centuries including many world statesmen such as Winston Churchill.

House of Bathory . Clan Gutkeled . 1500 - 1600 AD
Prince of Transylvania & King of Poland
Genetic Distance: 9.745

Medieval Hungarian Bathory Male Nobility Pericei
mtDNA Haplogroup: H7c4 - Y-DNA Haplogroup: I2a1a2b1 (CTS10936) - 91% Closer than others
Sample 1. Genetic Distance 9.7459 - 93% Closer than others & Sample 2. Genetic Distance 13.128 - 79% Closer than others

Medieval Hungarian Bathory Female Nobility Pericei
mtDNA Haplogroup: T2b5
Genetic Distance 12.743 - 76% Closer than others

Viking + Frank (6.356)
Longobard + Frank (6.665)
Viking + Saxon (6.771)
Longobard + Saxon (7.055)
Saxon + Frank (7.691)
Saxon (7.809)
Viking Norwegian (9.687)
Viking (9.754)
Longobard (9.902)
Frank (10.6)

In the verdant heartland of medieval Hungary, the noble Bathory family played a significant role in the region's history. Among the centuries-dead lineage lies a nobleman whose eternal repose has been unearthed beneath the earth where he once wielded influence in life. He who once strode the tapestried halls of power sometime around the 1500th year of our Common Era, bore the genetic marks of his ancestors through his Y-DNA haplogroup I2a1a2b1 and mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H7c4, identifiers of his deep ancestral roots in the region.

Adorned for the afterlife, our medieval Hungarian noblemans remains came to rest alongside artifacts that whisper tales of his existence and status. The grave goods uncoveredan elegant sword, its blade corrode by time yet majesty intact, personal adornments lost of their shine, and ceramic vessels that may once have held offerings or sustenance for the afterlifecraft a narrative of his earthly power and the expectations of his journey beyond.

Stephen Báthory, one of the most formidable and respected rulers of the 16th century, ascended to the throne as the Prince of Transylvania and later as the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. A brilliant military strategist and tactician, Báthory is celebrated for revitalizing and reorganizing the Polish army, introducing new defense tactics and forming the famed Hussar cavalry. His reign marked a period of extensive military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire, where he successfully thwarted Ottoman advances, securing significant victories that bolstered the defense of Eastern Europe. Under his leadership, the Siege of Danzig was lifted, and his subsequent campaigns into Russia expanded Poland-Lithuania's influence, forging a powerful Eastern European coalition. Stephen Báthory's legacy is not just of a warrior king but also as a patron of the arts and education, establishing the Jesuit College at Vilnius and contributing to a flourishing Renaissance culture within his realms.

One very infamous member of the family was Elizabeth Báthory, often dubbed The Blood Countess, is one of history's most chilling figures, infamous for her reputed cruelty and the legendary tales of her vampiric tendencies. Born into the noble Báthory family in 1560, she wielded considerable power in Hungary, overseeing vast estates and commanding fear and respect from her subjects. Accused of torturing and killing hundreds of young women, Elizabeth's alleged crimes were said to be driven by her obsession with maintaining her youthful appearance through the blood of her victims. The exact number of her victims is widely debated, with figures ranging from dozens to several hundreds. The most sensational accounts suggest as many as 650 girls may have fallen prey to her brutal acts.

As a member of a powerful noble family, Báthory wielded significant influence and control over local law enforcement and the judiciary. Her high status in society allowed her certain immunities and meant that allegations against her were not swiftly pursued. Her story took a dark turn when she was eventually arrested and tried, not in a public court, but through a series of hearings that sealed her fate to life imprisonment within her own castles walls, specifically at Cachtice Castle shown here. Elizabeth Báthory's legacy remains shrouded in myth and mystery, making her a perennial subject of fascination in popular culture, inspiring numerous books, films, and folklore that probe the depths of her macabre legend.

On the same major branch of the family which Stephen belonged to are presented here the remains of Elek and Ferencz who were buried in a family crypt in Pericei now located in Romania. The chapel containing the graves had been plundered by the Ottomans in 1658 and 1660 but the funerary slabs clearly depict males dressed in knights armour with the Báthory family crest carved on a gravestone. One of the graves contained a helmet, armour with gold-plated ornaments, spurs, sabres and a decorated mace showcasing a high status buried nobleman. The Y-DNA (male genetic marker) matches identically with these two men as well as matches their paternal lineage from Swabia. The identity of the other 11 people in the graves offers some hints as to their identities as well - Are you related? Who were all these individuals?

Rockfleet Castle Ireland . Clan Joyce . 1550
Haplogroup: R1a1a1b1a2c
Subclade Distance: 6

Mors Aut Honorabilis Vita
Translates from Latin as Death or Honourable Life, signifying a commitment to live with honour or to not live at all.

53°53'46.1"N 9°37'37.4"W

Explore the enigmatic Rockfleet Castle, also known as Carrickahowley, and unravel the tales of intrigue surrounding its most famous resident, the 'pirate queen' Grace O'Malley. Nestled in County Mayo, Ireland, this formidable castle stands as a lasting monument to Ireland's turbulent past. Located near Newport in County Mayo, Ireland, Rockfleet Castle, or Carrickahowley Castle, is a towering testament to historical architecture and ancient legacies. Built in the mid-15th century, this tower house’s rugged charm and strategic significance have been preserved through centuries. Its location looking out towards the drumlins of Clew Bay adds to its allure and mystery.

The construction of Rockfleet Castle dates back to the mid-fifteenth century, during a time when tower houses were commonly built throughout Ireland for their defensive capabilities. These structures were typically constructed by Irish nobility to safeguard and assert control over their territories. Rockfleet Castle is also known as Carrickahowley, which translates to 'rock of the fleet', a name that echoes the maritime heritage of the region. Moreover, it is famously linked with Grace O'Malley, the renowned pirate queen and leader of the Clan O’Malley, highlighting its importance in Irish clan history.

Throughout its history, Rockfleet Castle played a pivotal role during various conflicts. As a defensive stronghold, it was at the forefront of many local skirmishes and broader conflicts that affected the region. Its strategic location and robust structure meant it was well-suited to withstand sieges and attacks, serving as both a protective barrier against invaders and a base for local defense strategies.

Culturally and artistically, the castle is a significant link to Ireland’s Gaelic past. Its connection with Grace O'Malley, a figure often romanticized in Irish folklore, adds to the castle’s cultural prominence. Stories of her exploits and leadership bring to life the castle’s historical importance, making it not only a monument of architectural interest but also a beacon of Irish cultural heritage.

Ettington Park Manor England . Clan Sewell . 1600 AD
Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2c1a
Subclade Distance:

52°07'25.7"N 1°38'24.0"W

Dist:0

The site was occupied by a manor house for several centuries before the construction of the current building. Before the reign of Henry III, the nearby estate of Lower Ettington was the principal seat of the Ferrers family, who later moved their seat to Shirley, Derbyshire. In earlier centuries, the grounds were a deerpark. According to Alice Dryden.

Sir Ralph Shirley leased the manor in 1509 to John and Agnes Underhill, for a term of 80 years. His son, Francis, made another lease for a term of 100 years to the same family in 1541, the lease ending in 1641. During Francis Shirley's time the manor house may have been rebuilt, or at least modernised. The lease of Ettington came to an end in 1641 in the lifetime of Sir Charles Shirley, who entered into possession of it in 1642. Extensive repairs occurred under him; a large part of the building was taken down and a smaller one constructed with the original materials. About 1740, and again in 1767, additions were made by George Shirley.

His grandson, Evelyn John Shirley, made alterations in 1824. It was restored by John Prichard for Evelyn Shirley in 1858–63, in the advanced Early English Style. Now run as a hotel, it belongs to the Handpicked Hotels Group. Ettington Park is located to the southwest of the village of Ettington, just north of the village of Newbold on Stour. It is set in 40 acres (0.16 km2), passed by the River Stour. Ettington Park is considered "the most important and impressive High Victorian house in the county. The house is constructed in yellow and grey banded limestone ashlar with a roof of stone slate.

The style is Neo Gothic, the architectural historian Charles Eastlake noting significant Ruskinian influences.[6] Eastlake provides support for Pickford and Pevsner in attributing the house, called Eatington Park in the mid-19th century, solely to Prichard.[6] The house is an E-shape plan, with two storeys and attics. The interior retains much of its original early and mid Victorian configuration and fittings. The Staircase Hall is of 1810–11, while the Library was decorated in 1820. The Long Gallery and the Great Drawing Room are part of Prichard's remodelling. Ettington Park was used for exterior shots of "Hill House" in the 1963 horror film The Haunting. The chapel in the grounds was also used for filming in the 1980 version of The Watcher in the Woods. The hall is reputedly haunted.

Methven Castle Scotland . Clan Smith . 1664
Haplogroup: I1a1b1a4a2a
Longest shared SNP chain: 895.0 - Total Shared SNPs: 6829.0 - Subclade Distance: 1
Norwegian Viking Iceland (HSJ-A1B) - Total SNPs:6829.0 Dist:1

Luceo Non Uro
The motto of Clan Smith translates from Latin to I shine, not burn. It implies that the bearer of the motto is a beacon of enlightenment or guidance rather than a source of destruction and consumption.

56°25'00.5"N 3°33'17.6"W

Norwegian Viking Iceland (HSJ-A1B)
Root Origin 950 AD
Total SNPs: 6829.0
Dist:1

Explore Methven Castle, a stunning 17th-century edifice imbued with centuries of Scottish history, architectural marvels, and tales of royalty and rebellion. Methven Castle stands as a captivating historical monument located east of Methven, in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. Originally a private residence, this 17th-century structure dates back to a rich and tumultuous history rooted in Scotland's medieval past, transitioning through various phases of construction, ownership, and restoration. The roots of Methven Castle trace back to the 12th century when the lands were under the ownership of the Mowbray family. The political landscape at the time was turbulent, with the Mowbrays supporting John Balliol against Robert the Bruce. After Bruce's triumph, Methven was confiscated and passed into the hands of Walter Stewart, Bruce's son-in-law. The castle later experienced sieges and royal visits that shaped its legacy, including from King James II and James IV in the 1450s and 1490s respectively.

The architectural form of Methven Castle reflects a union of practicality and elegance. The main structure is a four-storey square block flanked by narrow circular towers at each corner, crowned with distinctive ogee-shaped roofs. The façade features crow-stepped gables and a balustraded link, contributing to its grandeur. Historically, the castle underwent various modifications, including the addition of wings and extensive remodeling in the 1800s, many of which were overseen by renowned architects like James Gillespie Graham.

Methven Castle not only served as a noble residence but also played a significant role in the social and political fabric of Scotland. It was a venue for significant historical events, including the residence of Margaret Tudor following her marriage to James IV, and later, the controversial Earl of Atholl. Its halls have witnessed strategies, alliances, and betrayals that have significantly influenced Scottish history.

The castle's strategic importance is evident in its history of medieval sieges, serving as a fortress against rebellious forces and a sanctuary for royal figures. Its robust structure and strategic location made it a focal point during conflicts, reflecting the typical role of castles in wartime Scotland. Beyond its military and political significance, Methven Castle also holds a place in Scotland's cultural and artistic heritage. It has inspired numerous artistic endeavors and has been a subject of interest in literature and folklore, encapsulating the romanticism and tragedy of Scottish history. The history of Clan Smith is diffuse due to the common nature of the smith trade from which the name derives; smiths were essential in every medieval community for the production of tools and weapons.

The surname Smith is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and in Scotland, it became widespread due to the importance and ubiquity of the profession. The Clan has no central seat or recognised tartan, its members being spread across Scotland and beyond, making it one of the most populous clans.

Thomas Smythe (1477) . Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Bannockburn House Scotland . Clan Paterson . 1665
Haplogroup: I1a2b1c1a
Subclade Distance:

Huc Tendimus Omnes
We all strive for this

56°04'40.1"N 3°54'55.1"W

Total SNPs: 1320.0
Dist:2

Explore the rich tapestry of Bannockburn House, a remarkable symbol of Scotland's storied past, nestled in the historic town of Bannockburn. Discover its intriguing connections to Jacobite risings, coal mining history, and tartan weaving industry. Bannockburn House stands as a testament to Scotland's layered history, encapsulating the essence of cultural significance and historical gravity.

This Category A listed building, located in Bannockburn, Stirling, UK, dates back to the late 17th century, reflecting architectural styles and expansions from various eras.The foundation of Bannockburn House was laid approximately in 1675, likely incorporating aspects of an earlier structure on the site. Initiated by Sir Hugh Paterson, a prominent lawyer and coal mining entrepreneur, the house has seen numerous modifications reflecting shifting ownership and societal changes through centuries.

Architecturally, Bannockburn House showcases a blend of historical elements with modern adaptations. The house's features have been shaped by extensive remodelings, like the 19th-century alterations involving the addition of a new porch and library expansions. Its interior largely retains the 17th-century craftsmanship, imbuing the space with a palpable sense of history. The social and political fabric of Bannockburn House has been enriched by its use as a rendezvous for historical figures, including the infamous stay of Charles Edward Stuart before the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Additionally, the house’s connections to the local coal mining industry have bolstered its socio-economic importance in the region.

During various conflicts, particularly the Jacobite risings, Bannockburn House served as a strategic meeting place and temporary camp ahead of significant battles such as Falkirk. Its historical military relevance is tied to these critical periods in Scottish history. Culturally, Bannockburn House is a beacon of Scottish heritage. It is associated with medieval battles, the Jacobite era, and the tartan weaving industry, making it integral to understanding Scotland’s historical and artistic landscape. The house also serves as a venue for filming, further cementing its role in contemporary cultural expressions.

Czartoryski Palace Poland . 1671 AD
Haplogroup: R1a1a1b1a2c

Bd co bd
This Polish phrase translates to whatever happens or be what it may, embodying a spirit of resilience and acceptance of destiny.

51°24'43.9"N 21°57'32.8"E

Origin Early Iron Age Ukraine Germanic Petrykiv Ternopil 800 BC - UKR170
Dist:6

Discover the majestic Czartoryski Palace in Puławy, Poland, a beacon of historical and architectural richness associated with some of Poland's most influential families. The Czartoryski Palace, nestled in the heart of Puławy, Poland, serves as a stunning testament to the country's vibrant historical tapestry. Originally built in the late 17th century, it has witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties, becoming a symbol of resilience and cultural pride.

The palace's beginnings trace back to its construction between 1671 and 1679 by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, designed by the renowned Dutch architect Tylman van Gameren. Originally conceived as a Baroque semi-defensive palace, it has undergone several reconstructions, each adding layers to its rich history. Architecturally, Czartoryski Palace is a blend of Baroque and Rococo styles, with later Neoclassical modifications. The palace is famed for its intricate stuccoes, grand staircases, and expansive courtyards that echo the grandeur of its past. The palace not only served as a luxurious residence but was also a vibrant cultural hub, especially during the Enlightenment. It was here that Izabela and Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski fostered a community of intellectuals, artists, and reformers, shaping the intellectual landscape of the era.

Throughout its history, the palace has endured devastation, notably from Swedish troops during the Great Northern War and the Imperial Russian Army. Each time, it emerged as a symbol of resilience, undergoing significant restorations that have preserved its heritage. The palace's influence extends beyond architecture into the cultural realm, housing the Temple of the Sibyl, Poland's first national museum. Today, it remains a testament to Poland's rich cultural heritage and artistic achievements.

Colonial American Pennsylvania . 1700 AD
Genetic Distance: 9.188

Longobard + Frank (2.755)
Longobard + Anglo Saxon (3.881)
Viking Norwegian + Longobard (3.996)
Longobard (4.148)
Longobard + Saxon (4.181)
Viking Norwegian + Frank (4.323)
Viking Norwegian (5.662)
Saxon (7.497)
Anglo Saxon (7.938)
Frank (8.189)

In the picturesque landscapes of what is now Pennsylvania, nestled within the scope of American colonial history, the skeletal remains of an individual eloquently tell the tale of a life lived in the early 18th century, a time when the region was a tapestry of indigenous American tribal cultures and European colonial influences.

The male in question, whose genetic markers reveal a Y-DNA haplogroup I1a2a1b and mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U4c1a, stands as a testament to the complex genetic ancestry of the region's inhabitants. His Y-DNA suggests a deep connection to Northern European lineages, particularly Scandanavia, mirroring the waves of migration that have swept through the continent over millennia. Similarly, his mtDNA points to a maternal lineage that also has its origins in Europe, indicative of the diverse and interwoven heritage that many Colonial American settlers shared.

The world this man inhabited would have been one of tumultuous change and cross-cultural encounters. European settlers brought with them a mix of aspirations, traditions, and material goods, while native populations navigated the challenges and opportunities that this New World presented.

Tyrconnell Tower Ireland . Clan Gillon . 1739 AD
Haplogroup: R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a
Subclade Distance:

55°01'47.1"N 7°46'43.2"W

Total SNPs: 2389.0
Dist:0

Uncover the secrets and storied past of Tyrconnell, a significant castle once central to the kingdom of Gaelic Ireland and stronghold of the fascinating Clan Gillon. The castle of Tyrconnell, rooted deeply in the scenic landscapes of Ireland at coordinates 55.029744, -7.778664, stands as a monumental relic of the past. This historic fortress, associated with Clan Gillon, has witnessed the unfolding of numerous events that have shaped its storied history. Located within the bounds of the ancient kingdom of Tyrconnell, which flourished from the 400s until 1607, Tyrconnell Castle offers a unique glimpse into the Gaelic tradition and legacy of Ireland.

The origins of Tyrconnell Castle are intimately tied to the rise and expansion of the Gaelic kingdom of Tyrconnell. As a focal point of power, the castle was integral in the political and military schema of the region, serving as a bastion for Clan Gillon. Over time, Tyrconnell not only functioned as a defensive structure but also as a hub of administration and control, reflecting the dynamics of power during its time. Architectural elements of Tyrconnell Castle reflect its historical significance and the architectural trends prevalent during its construction. The fortress is characterized by robust defensive structures, typical of medieval Irish castles, including thick walls, battlements, and potentially a moat, although specific details of its original construction features remain subjects of scholarly study.

The social and political significance of Tyrconnell Castle can hardly be overstated. As the stronghold of Clan Gillon, it played a critical role in the governance and social structure of Tyrconnell. The castle served as a gathering place for the clan, a center for strategic planning, and a symbol of Gaelic sovereignty and resistance, especially during times of conflict and upheaval.

Throughout its history, Tyrconnell Castle played a pivotal role in the defensive strategies of the region. During times of warfare, it served as a fortress from which Clan Gillon could defend their territory against invaders and rival factions. The strategic location of the castle, coupled with its robust construction, made it a formidable barrier against enemies and played a vital role in the military history of Tyrconnell. The Castle is not only a historical and architectural landmark but also a cultural icon. It encapsulates the artistic and cultural dimensions of Gaelic Ireland, reflecting the traditions and artistic expressions of its time. The castle's legacy continues to influence cultural representations of Gaelic history and is a key subject of study for historians and artists alike.

Gorhambury House England . Clan Grimason . 1777 AD
Haplogroup: I2a1b1a2b1a2b
Subclade Distance:

51°45'29.9"N 0°23'15.7"W

Dist:1

Discover the grandeur of Gorhambury House, a splendid example of Palladian architecture nestled in the heart of Hertfordshire, England. Built in the late 18th century, this historic estate offers a glimpse into the aristocratic past and continues to captivate visitors with its architectural beauty and rich history. Gorhambury House stands as a magnificent specimen of Palladian architecture in St Albans, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Constructed from 1777 to 1784, it was designed by the acclaimed Sir Robert Taylor. The estate was commissioned by James Grimston, the 3rd Viscount Grimston, and replaced the derelict Old Gorhambury House. Today, Gorhambury House is not only a private residence to the 7th Earl of Verulam but also a cherished historical site, reflecting the legacy of the Grimston family.

The roots of Gorhambury House trace back to the need for a more modern and refined residence to replace the aging Old Gorhambury House. Under the vision of James Grimston, 3rd Viscount Grimston, a new structure was erected that would epitomize the ideals of Palladian architecture—a movement renowned for its symmetry, classic forms, and grand scale. The building process spanned several years, culminating in a residence that not only served as a family home but also as a symbol of status and power in society. The architectural design of Gorhambury House showcases a blend of functionality and aesthetic appeal. The house features a striking hexastyle Corinthian portico as its centerpiece, exuding a stately presence. Inside, one of the main attractions is a uniquely designed fireplace by the famous artist Piranesi, adding an artistic touch to the classical interior.

The property is classified as Grade II* listed, affording it protection due to its special architectural and historic interest. Throughout its history, Gorhambury House has mirrored the social and political dynamics of its time. Serving as the residence of the Grimston family, it has been the backdrop to numerous significant events and gatherings that have influenced local and national aristocratic circles. As the current home to the 7th Earl of Verulam, it continues to maintain its role in high society, while also opening its doors to the public for tours, allowing a glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of British nobility.

While Gorhambury House was built after the main period of medieval warfare, its strategic location near the historical Roman city of Verulamium hints at an area steeped in military history. Although the house itself may not have seen battle, the land on which it stands has been central to various historical and strategic developments over the centuries. Gorhambury House is more than just a residence; it's a cultural beacon in Hertfordshire. As a member of the Historic Houses Association and with ties to ancient Roman history through its proximity to Verulamium, the estate offers educational and cultural insights into both the past and present. Its availability for public tours helps foster an appreciation for historical architecture and the arts, making it a pivotal site for cultural enrichment and tourism in the region.

Cholmondeley Castle England . 1801 AD
Haplogroup: I2a1a2a1a2

Cassis Tutissima Virtus
Virtue is the safest helmet

53°03'25.9"N 2°41'35.5"W

Dist:4

Discover the grandeur and history of Cholmondeley Castle, a stunning example of architectural evolution and the enduring legacy of the Cholmondeley family in the heart of Cheshire, England.

Cholmondeley Castle, nestled in the picturesque Cheshire countryside, is not merely a building but a profound statement of historical and architectural significance. Originating as a seat for the Cholmondeley family since the 12th century, this magnificent country house has evolved from a simple timber-framed hall to its present stately form, reflecting centuries of adaptation and aesthetic enhancement.

The history of Cholmondeley Castle begins in the 12th century when it served as the familial seat of the Cholmondeley family. The site has undergone significant transitions, most notably when the original timber-framed hall was replaced in the early 19th century by a crenellated castle designed by George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley. This transformation marked a significant departure from its modest beginnings to a residence of grand architectural ambitions.

The current structure of Cholmondeley Castle is characterized by its Gothic architectural style, with pointed arches and a robust crenellated outline that mimics medieval fortresses. Noteworthy are the intricate Y-tracery windows and the stately towers that punctuate its silhouette, offering both an aesthetic appeal and a narrative of architectural evolution through time.

Throughout its history, Cholmondeley Castle has played a pivotal role in the social and political theater of Cheshire. It has been the setting for numerous social events, influencing local and regional aristocratic traditions. This castle has also observed the shifts in political landscapes, adapting its roles from a family residence to a symbolic vessel of heritage and status.

During the Second World War, Cholmondeley Castle extended beyond its traditional roles, serving as a hospital and a military base. This period underscored the castle's adaptability and its strategic importance, situating it as a key player in the national defense efforts during a time of crisis. Apart from its architectural and historical significance, Cholmondeley Castle contributes richly to the cultural and artistic landscape. Its gardens, designed through various historical periods, offer a visual study in the art of English landscape gardening. Additionally, the castle's interiors and the chapel present a collection of artifacts and designs that span several centuries, illustrating the artistic endeavors and aesthetic preferences of the Cholmondeley family.

The Royal Norweigan Palace Norway . 1825 AD
Haplogroup: I1

Alt for Norge
We give our all for Norway

59°55'01.4"N 10°43'30.7"E

Discover the grandeur of The Royal Palace in Oslo, a majestic residence that not only serves as the home of Norwegian royalty but also as a focal point in the country's historical narrative since 1814. The Royal Palace of Norway stands prominently on Bellevue rise at the end of Oslo's principal street, Karl Johans gate. A key national landmark, it epitomizes the rich tapestry of Norway's history from its inception. Built on the orders of King Carl Johan, the foundation stone of The Royal Palace was laid on October 1, 1825. Construction commenced in 1824 and the palace was officially inaugurated on July 26, 1849, by King Oscar I. This grand structure was designed to serve as a symbol of the newly established Norwegian monarchy and statehood, following Norway's slow move towards independence in the early 19th century.

The architecture of The Royal Palace is a blend of neoclassical and early romantic styles, which reflects the aesthetic tastes of the early 19th century. The building's design incorporates long, clean lines and grand facades, typical of neoclassical architecture, offering a majestic look and a stately presence. Its interiors, selectively open to the public, showcase some of the finest examples of Norwegian and European decorative arts.

The Royal Palace is not just a residence but a working palace. It hosts official state functions, foreign dignitaries, and supports the daily activities of the Norwegian monarchy. The King holds official dinners, presides over the Council of State, and conducts audiences here. The palace’s social role underscores Norway’s contemporary politico-cultural dynamics and is central to its ceremonial traditions. Historically, The Royal Palace has not been a traditional military stronghold but has played a pivotal role as a symbol of national resilience and unity in times of strife. During wartime, the palace served as an emblem of continuity and legitimacy for the Norwegian state and its monarchy.

Beyond its political and social roles, The Royal Palace of Norway also holds significant cultural and artistic value. The palace not only exhibits superb examples of craftsmanship in its architecture and interior decor but also features regularly in Norwegian art, literature, and media, influencing perceptions and ideals of royalty and national identity.

Balfour House Scotland . Clan Bethune . 1835
Haplogroup: I1a2a1a1a2
Subclade Distance:

De Bonnaire
Meaning Gracious

56°11'26.2"N 3°05'26.6"W

Dist:0

Discover the captivating history and architectural marvels of Balfour House, a stately mansion associated with the storied Clan Bethune. Nestled in the serene landscapes of the UK, this notable residence offers a deep dive into the rich tapestry of Scottish ancestry and architectural evolution.

Located amidst the verdant surroundings near Markinch, Balfour House represents a splendid example of historical evolution from a late 16th-century house to its current grandeur. Originating as a fortified residence, it has been meticulously developed and extended to reflect the architectural styles and familial legacies of its time.

The origins of Balfour House trace back to the powerful Clan Bethune, influential figures in Scottish history. The estate initially belonged to a family that adopted Balfour as their surname, but in the last quarter of the 14th century, it transferred ownership through marriage to the Bethunes. Over the centuries, Balfour House has seen various transformations and ownership changes but has retained its historical significance and connection to the Bethunes, highlighting the clan's enduring legacy in Scotland's tapestry.
Architecturally, Balfour House boasts a blend of 16th and 17th-century styles, with features like a stout L-shaped structure, newel staircases, and vaulted chambers. The dining room, enriched with a finely modeled plaster frieze and ceiling, showcases impeccable craftsmanship, displaying intricate casts and oak panelling once part of Arbroath Abbey. Such elements underline the castle’s architectural significance and its role in preserving high-quality traditional craftsmanship.

The social and political importance of Balfour House is anchored in its status as a family seat and a landmark of power for the Clan Bethune. This palatial residence served not only as a home but also a representation of the Bethune's social status and influence in the political landscape of Scotland. High-profile family members like Archbishop James Beaton and Cardinal David Beaton, who were significant political and religious figures, are associated with this lineage, contributing to the house’s prestigious character.

While there is little recorded about Balfour House’s specific role in wartime, castles and large estates like Balfour often provided strategic strongholds and safe havens during conflicts. Their robust structures and strategic locations made them pivotal in local defense strategies, offering insights into the defensive architectural practices of their time.

Balfour House not only stands as a testament to architectural and historical significance but also as a cultural beacon. Artifacts such as oak panels and plaster works sourced from significant historical sites like Arbroath Abbey accentuate its cultural repository role. Moreover, the estate has contributed to Scotland’s artistic heritage by housing these relics, indicating an intertwined history of nobility, art, and architecture.

Recipes of your Ancestors

Staple Foods
Fish 150.3
Bread 124.1
Barley 97.52
Porridge 83.05
Barley Bread 79.43
Berries
Vegetables
Fruit

Staple Drinks
Beer 315.4
Water 289.4
Mead 231.3
Milk 14.29
Fermented Grain 3.915
Wine
Juices

Barley Porridge . 1 Cup
Agrarian Diet ⸱ Hunter-gatherer Diet ⸱ Roman Cuisine

Key Micro Nutrients: Manganese, Selenium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Sample Match #2 - Germanic Tribe Spreitenbach CWC Switzerland - 2447 BC - MX188
Sample Match #4 - Bell Beaker Scotland - 2100 BC - I2568
Sample Match #6 - Late Bronze Age Brvany Bohemia - 900 BC - I14481
Sample Match #7 - Glavanesti Bronze Age Romania - 2000 BC - I11913

A. Begin with cleaning the barley by rinsing under cold water.
B. Soak the barley overnight in water, if possible, to speed up cooking time.
C. Drain the soaked barley and add it to a pot with fresh water.
D. Bring the pot to a boil and then reduce to a simmer.
E. Cook the barley until it is soft and has absorbed most of the water, stirring occasionally to prevent sticking.
F. Once cooked, stir in a dollop of butter or cheese for richness and flavor.
G. Season with salt and a modest amount of herbs to taste.
H. Serve warm as a filling breakfast or a comforting dinner.

Skyr . 200g
Viking Age Fare ⸱ Medieval Icelandic Fare ⸱ Icelandic Fare

Key Micro Nutrients: Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin B12, Riboflavin (B2), Iodine

5 Deep Dive Matches

A. Warm fresh milk to a moderate temperature and add rennet.
B. Let the milk sit for several hours until it curds.
C. Strain the curds to separate them from the whey.
D. Press the curds to remove excess liquid.
E. Mix in a small amount of previous batch of Skyr (containing the right bacteria) to the curd.
F. Let it sit at a low temperature to allow the Skyr to thicken.
G. Store in a cool place until consumption.

Pottage . 1-2 Cups
Medieval Peasant Fare ⸱ Monastic Cuisine ⸱ Agrarian Diet

Key Micro Nutrients: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Potassium, Iron, Fiber (exact values depend on vegetable and meat choices)

Sample Match #10 - Carolingian Drantum Lower Saxony Germany - 750 AD - DRU005
16 Deep Dive Matches

A. Take a selection of available vegetables, such as leeks, cabbage, and carrots.
B. Dice them and sweat off in a pot with a little butter or lard.
C. Add water or stock to the pot and bring to a boil.
D. Mix in any grains like barley or oats.
E. Add legumes such as dried peas or beans.
F. If available, add small pieces of meat or fish.
G. Season with salt and leave to simmer for several hours until thickened.
H. Serve hot in a bowl with a piece of bread.

Skyr Honey Berries . 200g
Viking Age Fare ⸱ Medieval Icelandic Fare ⸱ Icelandic Fare

Key Micro Nutrients: Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin B12, Riboflavin (B2), Iodine

5 Deep Dive Matches

A. Put a serving of skyr into a bowl.
B. Top with wild berries such as bilberries or crowberries.
C. Drizzle honey on top if available.
D. Enjoy as a nutritious dessert or breakfast.

Flatkaka . Single Bread
Viking Age Fare ⸱ Medieval Icelandic Fare ⸱ Viking Age Gotlander Fare

Key Micro Nutrients: Iron Magnesium Fiber

1 Deep Dive Match

A. Mix rye flour with water to form a stiff dough.
B. Roll the dough into a thin round shape.
C. Place the dough on a hot stone or iron griddle.
D. Cook on both sides until brown spots appear.
E. Serve warm with butter, cheese, or dried fish.

Wild Boar Stew
Hunter-gatherer Diet ⸱ Agrarian Diet ⸱ Germanic

Key Micro Nutrients: Iron, Zinc, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Potassium, Magnesium

1 Deep Dive Match

A. Cube the wild boar meat.
B. Brown the meat in a pot with a bit of rendered animal fat.
C. Add chopped onions, carrots, and turnips to the pot and cook until tender.
D. Cover with water, add some whole peppercorns and juniper berries.
E. Let it simmer for several hours until the meat is tender.
F. Season with salt, and thicken the stew with a bit of rye flour if desired.
G. Serve hot, with fresh bread on the side.

Travel to your Ancestors
Some popular tourist venues that have traces of your DNA